@Article{SwartGDJMNTTWPKGGHHPSTWZ:2019:CoSoOc,
               author = "Swart, Sebastiaan and Gile, Sarah T. and Delille, Bruno and Josey, 
                         Simon and Mazloff, Matthew and Newman, Louise and Thompson, Andrew 
                         F. and Thomson, Jim and Ward, Brian and du Plessis, Marcel D. and 
                         Kent, Elizabeth C. and Girton, James and Gregor, Luke and Heil, 
                         Petra and Hyder, Patrick and Pezzi, Luciano Ponzi and Souza, 
                         Ronald Buss de and Tamsitt, Veronica and Weller, Robert A. and 
                         Zappa, Christopher J.",
          affiliation = "{University of Gothenburg} and {University of California} and 
                         {University of Li{\`e}ge} and {National Oceanography Centre} and 
                         {University of California} and {University of Tasmania} and 
                         {California Institute of Technology} and {University of 
                         Washington} and {National University of Ireland Galway} and 
                         {University of Cape Town} and {National Oceanography Centre} and 
                         {University of Washington} and {Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate 
                         Observatory} and {University of Tasmania} and {Met Office Hadley 
                         Centre} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University 
                         of New South Wales} and {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution} and 
                         {Columbia University}",
                title = "Constraining southern ocean air-sea-ice fluxes through enhanced 
                         observations",
              journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science",
                 year = "2019",
               volume = "6",
                pages = "UNSP 421",
                month = "July",
             keywords = "air-sea/air-sea-ice fluxes, Southern Ocean, ocean-atmosphere 
                         interaction, climate, ocean-ice interaction.",
             abstract = "Air-sea and air-sea-ice fluxes in the Southern Ocean play a 
                         critical role in global climate through their impact on the 
                         overturning circulation and oceanic heat and carbon uptake. The 
                         challenging conditions in the Southern Ocean have led to sparse 
                         spatial and temporal coverage of observations. This has led to a 
                         {"}knowledge gap{"} that increases uncertainty in atmosphere and 
                         ocean dynamics and boundary-layer thermodynamic processes, 
                         impeding improvements in weather and climate models. Improvements 
                         will require both process-based research to understand the 
                         mechanisms governing air-sea exchange and a significant expansion 
                         of the observing system. This will improve flux parameterizations 
                         and reduce uncertainty associated with bulk formulae and satellite 
                         observations. Improved estimates spanning the full Southern Ocean 
                         will need to take advantage of ships, surface moorings, and the 
                         growing capabilities of autonomous platforms with robust and 
                         miniaturized sensors. A key challenge is to identify observing 
                         system sampling requirements. This requires models, Observing 
                         System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), and assessments of the 
                         specific spatial-temporal accuracy and resolution required for 
                         priority science and assessment of observational uncertainties of 
                         the mean state and direct flux measurements. Year-round, 
                         high-quality, quasi-continuous in situ flux measurements and 
                         observations of extreme events are needed to validate, improve and 
                         characterize uncertainties in blended reanalysis products and 
                         satellite data as well as to improve parameterizations. Building a 
                         robust observing system will require community consensus on 
                         observational methodologies, observational priorities, and 
                         effective strategies for data management and discovery.",
                  doi = "10.3389/fmars.2019.00421",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00421",
                 issn = "2296-7745",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "fmars-06-00421.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "17 maio 2024"
}